Assessment of Insecticide-treated Materials in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Dear Colleagues:
EHP has been given permission to post the following report on the ma-
laria page of its website:
"Programmatic Environmental Assessment for Insecticide-treated Mate-
rials in USAID Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa, (Word document - 760
KB)" by B. Hirsch, C. Gallegos, W. Knausenberger, A. Arata. In col-
laboration with M. MacDonald, for the NetMark Program. USAID, Bureau
for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development, Agriculture, Natural
Resources and Rural Enterprise Division. January 2002. - The address
for the report is:
http://www.ehproject.org/Library/itm-pea.doc
(Word document-760 KB)
* The report will also be on the NetMark website in the near future
at:
http://www.netmarkafrica.org
* Another useful website is the USAID Bureau for Africa's Office of
Sustainable Development at:
http://www.afr-sd.org
Contents to the report are listed below.
CONTENTS
1 Summary of findings
2 Background
2.1 Use of ITMs for malaria vector control
2.2 USAID environmental review procedures
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 Pesticide procedures
2.3 Purpose and approach of the PEA
2.4 Benefits of ITM use in USAID activities
2.4.1 Public Health Benefits
2.4.2 Environmental benefits
2.4.3 Resistance and Potential Impact on ITM Benefits
3 Alternative pesticide products
3.1 Overview
3.2 WHO recommendations for ITM products
3.3 USEPA registration status
3.4 Efficacy of alternative pesticide products
3.4.1 Insecticide loss over time and by washing
3.4.2 Resistance development
3.4.3 Cost concerns
3.5 Conclusion: available products for USAID ITM programs, based on
EPA/WHO evaluations
4 Overall risks from use and treatment of ITMs
4.1 Risks to humans
4.1.1 Acute and chronic toxicity of ITM chemicals to humans
4.1.2 Potential human exposure - oral, dermal and inhalation
4.1.3 Occupational exposure
4.1.4 Accidental exposure
4.1.5 Exposure during use of ITMs
4.1.6 Risks to humans from ITM use
4.1.7 Uncertainties and their significance
4.2 Environmental risks
4.2.1 Toxicity of ITM chemicals to non-target wildlife
4.2.2 Potential environmental exposure
4.2.3 Conclusions regarding risks to aquatic organisms from ITMs
4.2.4 Uncertainties in the aquatic risk assessment, and how to re
solve them
5 Alternatives to ITMs for vector control
5.1 Other vector control methods
5.2 Integrated vector management
5.2.1 Definition of IVM
5.2.2 Recommended IVM practices
5.2.3 Integrated vector management and its relationship to ITM use in
USAID activities
6 Risk management - mitigation and monitoring
6.1 Risk management decision-making issues
6.1.1 How much risk mitigation is enough?
6.1.2 The no-action alternative
6.2 List of key mitigation measures for reducing human and environ
mental risks
6.2.1 Choose safer products
6.2.2 Assure proper labeling of pesticide products
6.2.3 Educate consumers and employees in pesticide safety
6.2.4 Create a safe and environmentally sound workplace for net
treatment facilities
6.2.5 Dispose of leftover insecticide solution properly
6.2.6 Dispose of pesticide containers properly
6.2.7 Increase accidental poisoning response capacity
6.2.8 Perform quality control of ITM pesticide products
6.2.9 Monitor for adverse health and environmental impacts and unsafe
practices
6.2.10 Manage the storage, transport and disposal of pesticide
appropriately
6.2.11 Help create local capacity to regulate ITMs
6.3 Monitoring mechanisms for adverse effects from ITM use and treat-
ment
6.4 Risk management issues for further analysis
7 Environmental review and documentation for ITM use in USAID active
ties
7.1 Overview of review requirements
7.2 Who prepares a PERSUAP?
7.3 Components of an activity-level PERSUAP
Annex 1: USAID pesticide procedures
Annex 2: Sample environmental impact questionnaire for ITN program
managers
Annex 3: Sample insert from ITN package, Population Services
International.
Annex 4: Treatment of pyrethroid poisoning
Annex 5: References
--
Dan Campbell
mailto:CampbellDB@EHProject.org
--
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